戶用光伏國外并網補貼模式有哪些

所采(cai)用的激勵模式目(mu)前(qian)有3種(zhong)：“標桿上(shang)網電(dian)價”(FIT)政(zheng)(zheng)策，“凈電(dian)量結算”(Net Metering)政(zheng)(zheng)策，和(he)“自消費(fei)”(Self-Consumption)政(zheng)(zheng)策。

1) 標桿上(shang)網電價(jia)政策

標(biao)桿上(shang)網(wang)(wang)(wang)電(dian)價政策(ce)是2011年以(yi)(yi)前(qian)歐(ou)(ou)洲(zhou)各國(guo)普(pu)遍采用的(de)政策(ce)。2000年，德(de)(de)國(guo)率先實(shi)施(shi)“標(biao)桿上(shang)網(wang)(wang)(wang)電(dian)價”法，該(gai)項政策(ce)的(de)實(shi)施(shi)大幅拉(la)動了德(de)(de)國(guo)國(guo)內光伏(fu)(fu)市(shi)場，德(de)(de)國(guo)光伏(fu)(fu)裝機連續多年位居世界(jie)(jie)第一。繼德(de)(de)國(guo)之后，歐(ou)(ou)洲(zhou)其(qi)它國(guo)家也都先后開(kai)始實(shi)施(shi)“標(biao)桿上(shang)網(wang)(wang)(wang)電(dian)價”法，使得(de)整(zheng)個歐(ou)(ou)洲(zhou)的(de)光伏(fu)(fu)市(shi)場迅速上(shang)升(sheng)，2007和2008年，歐(ou)(ou)洲(zhou)光伏(fu)(fu)市(shi)場都占到世界(jie)(jie)光伏(fu)(fu)市(shi)場的(de)80%。該(gai)模式(shi)下，并網(wang)(wang)(wang)點在電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)側，電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)根據光伏(fu)(fu)發電(dian)量以(yi)(yi)標(biao)桿上(shang)網(wang)(wang)(wang)電(dian)價全額(e)收購光伏(fu)(fu)電(dian)量。

2) 凈電量結算政策

凈(jing)(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)結(jie)算政策(ce)最初主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)在美國執(zhi)行(xing)，美國50個州(zhou)有42個州(zhou)采(cai)用(yong)“凈(jing)(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)結(jie)算法”，以鼓勵分(fen)布(bu)式(shi)光伏發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和分(fen)布(bu)式(shi)風力發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。2010年(nian)(nian)以后，歐洲(zhou)各國的(de)(de)(de)光伏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)已經低于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網的(de)(de)(de)零售電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)，很多國家也開始(shi)采(cai)用(yong)“凈(jing)(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)結(jie)算”政策(ce)。該模(mo)式(shi)要(yao)(yao)求全年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)要(yao)(yao)大于光伏發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)。光伏并網點設(she)在用(yong)戶電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)表(biao)的(de)(de)(de)負(fu)載側，自消費的(de)(de)(de)光伏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)不(bu)做計(ji)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)，以省(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式(shi)直接享受電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網的(de)(de)(de)零售電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia);光伏反送(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)推著電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)表(biao)倒轉，或雙向計(ji)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)，凈(jing)(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)結(jie)算，即用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)和反送(song)到電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)按照差值結(jie)算，結(jie)算周期為一(yi)年(nian)(nian)。

3) 自消費政(zheng)策

2011年德國推(tui)出了“自(zi)(zi)消(xiao)費”政(zheng)策，鼓勵光伏用(yong)戶(hu)自(zi)(zi)發(fa)(fa)自(zi)(zi)用(yong)。該(gai)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)原則是“自(zi)(zi)發(fa)(fa)自(zi)(zi)用(yong)，余電(dian)(dian)(dian)上網(wang)(wang)”。光伏并網(wang)(wang)點設在用(yong)戶(hu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)表(biao)的(de)負載側(ce)，需(xu)要增加一塊光伏反(fan)送電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)的(de)計(ji)(ji)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)表(biao)，或者將電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)表(biao)設置(zhi)成雙(shuang)向計(ji)(ji)量(liang)(liang)。自(zi)(zi)消(xiao)費的(de)光伏電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)不做計(ji)(ji)量(liang)(liang)，以省電(dian)(dian)(dian)方式(shi)(shi)直(zhi)接享受(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)的(de)零售電(dian)(dian)(dian)價;反(fan)送電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)單獨計(ji)(ji)量(liang)(liang)，并以公布的(de)光伏上網(wang)(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價進行結算。

可見，光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)早期的(de)(de)快(kuai)速發展，離不(bu)開光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)的(de)(de)補貼政策。以上三種(zhong)模式，均(jun)根據各(ge)個(ge)地方的(de)(de)情(qing)況(kuang)，讓用戶享受(shou)(shou)到收益的(de)(de)同時為環境做出貢(gong)獻(xian)。目前我(wo)們也看到，在澳洲(zhou)一些發達(da)國家，由于(yu)電(dian)價與其他能源的(de)(de)發電(dian)情(qing)況(kuang)以及油價與燃(ran)煤價格(ge)的(de)(de)影響，光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)已經不(bu)同程度(du)的(de)(de)實現了(le)平價上網，在不(bu)受(shou)(shou)補貼的(de)(de)支持下(xia)，依舊有較(jiao)好的(de)(de)收益。